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Understand the Atari 2600's 6532 RIOT timer and ports, including interval selection, one-shot timing, underflow state, and scanline-safe diagnostics.
Understand Atari 2600 TIA sound from AUDC, AUDF, and AUDV through divider and noise state, mixing, save states, and cycle-level emulator tests.
Reproduce TIA horizontal motion by separating coarse reset strobes, signed motion-register clocks, HMOVE timing, and the scanline's visible comb artifact.
Trace Atari 2600 TIA collision latches from object-pixel overlap through CXCLR, then validate collision timing with Stella's debugger and hardware-aware tests.